中医英译中汉英标点符号的异同和转换
2标点符号的转换
书面语里标点符号用来表示各句之间和句子各成分之间的关系，使文字所反映的思想内容明确清楚，易为读者了解。在翻译中要使译文准确、通顺，就不能忽视对标点符号的运用和转换。原文的标点符号不应当也不可能原封不动地搬到译文中来。这不仅因为英语标点符号与汉语标点符号有某些不同之处，而且因为汉译英后语言结构必然发生变化，标点符号的运用也必须作相应的变动。现将汉译英中常见的标点符号转换现象举例说明如下。
2.1由于合句而引起标点符号的转换
2.1.1句号转换成逗号
(1)立法是治则的具体运用，是选药组方的指导原则。而治法是治疗方法。
Establishing therapy is concrete application of therapeutic principle and provides guiding principle for selecting herbs and designing a formula, whilst therapy refers to the methods of treatment.
(2)痰饮，是由于水液聚于体内的某一局部所致。影响了津液输布，凝聚而成痰，出现咳嗽、痰多白沫。
The phlegmrheum is caused by the accumulation of the water fluids in a certain part of the body，which affects the distribution of the body fluid and accumulates it to form the phlegm, giving rise to cough and profuse foaming sputum.
2.1.2句号转换成连词
(1)痰饮影响了津液输布。最后凝聚而成痰，出现咳嗽、痰多白沫。
The phlegmrheum affected the distribution of the body fluid, and in last accumulated it to form the phlegm, giving rise to cough and profuse foaming sputum.
(2)故暑邪为病，常兼挟湿邪以侵犯人体。在发热的同时，常出现胸闷呕恶、大便溏泄等。
If summer heat brings a disease, it often takes the pathogenic damp to attack the body, and in conjunction with fever, presents stuffy chest, vomiting and loose stools.
2.1.3句号转换成逗号加连词
元气分布于脏腑，即成为脏腑之气。每一脏腑都有各自的气。
The yuanprimary qi that distributes in the zangfu organs is known as the zangfu organ qi, and each organ has its own qi.
2.2由于分句而引起标点符号的转换
2.2.1逗号转换成句号
（1）气的活动力很强，人体生长、发育，一切生理活动和新陈代谢，都属于气的推动作用。
Qi is highly active. The human growth, development, as well as physiological activities and metabolism, belong to the promoting function of qi.
（2）在正常生理情况下，血液不致溢出于脉外，属于气的固摄作用，称为“气能摄血”。
Under normal circumstances, the blood does not extravagate from the vessels because of the containing function of qi. Hence it is said, “Qi contains the blood.”
2.2.2分号转换成句号
（1）在外感热病中热结肠胃，便秘而腹满胀痛者，称为“热秘”，属实；津血亏损，肠液不足，腹部无明显胀痛，称为“虚秘”。
Constipation with fullness, distension, and pain in the abdomen due to the accumulation of heat in the stomach and intestines is termed “heat constipation” and belongs to the excessive syndrome. Constipation without obvious distension and pain in the abdomen caused by insufficiency of the intestinal humor due to depletion of the body fluid and blood is termed “deficient constipation”.
（2）气滞胸胁，则胸胁胀痛；气滞胃肠，则脘腹胀痛；气滞于肝的经络，可见乳房胀痛，少腹坠胀等。
If qi stagnates in the chest and hypochondrium, there will be painful and distending sensation. If qi stagnates in the stomach and intestines, there will be distending pain in the epigastrium and abdomen. If qi stagnates in the Liver Meridian, there will be distending pain in the breasts and down bearing sensation in the lower abdomen.
2.3由于英语标点符号与汉语标点符号不同而引起的转换
(1)五行学说认为，宇宙间的一切事物，都是由木、火、土、金、水五种物质的运动与变化所构成的。
The theory of the five elements holds that all the phenomena in the universe are composed by the movement and mutation of the five objects: wood, fire, earth, metal and water.
(2)三焦分为上、中、下焦三个不同部位，使饮食水谷被消化吸收与输布排泄，发生其不同的气化作用。
The Sanjiao is divided into the upper, middle and lower portions to enable them to have their individual qi transforming function for digestion, absorption, distribution and excretion of water and grain.
(3)“气机”，主要表现为升、降、出、入四种形式。
“Qi activity” is mainly manifested by the four forms: upflow, downflow, outflow and inflow.
2.4由于作用相同而引起标点符号的转换 在中医药学汉英翻译中，常见的是分号转换成逗号加连词。
(1)津血亏损，肠液不足，腹部无明显胀痛，称为“虚秘”；老年阳虚，无力运化，排便困难者，称为“寒秘”，也属“虚秘”。
Constipation without obvious distension and pain in the abdomen caused by insufficiency of the intestinal humor due to depletion of the body fluid and blood is termed “deficient constipation”, and the difficulty of defecation happening in the elderly due to yang deficiency which affects the transportation and transformation is termed “cold constipation” and also is one of the types of “deficient constipation”.
(2)腹痛作泻，每因情绪波动而诱发；泻后而痛不减，属肝脾不和。
Bouts of diarrhea with abdominal pain that is unrelieved by defecation are brought on by emotional stimulation，and the cause is the disharmony between the liver and spleen.
［参考文献］
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3罗磊. 中国文化与中医英译［J］. 中西医结合学报, 2004, 2(4):319320.
4北京中医药大学主编. Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine［M］. 北京: 学苑出版社, 1998. 34.
